Grand Canyon University Admissions Acceptance Rate...

With a 67  percent acceptance rate, Grand Canyon University (GCU) is a for-profit college that isnt overly selective. Students who have completed high school with decent grades should have little trouble being admitted. The school is test-optional, meaning that applicants are not required to submit SAT or ACT as part of the application.   Admissions Data (2017) Grand Canyon University Acceptance Rate: 67 percentGrand Canyon University has test-optional admissions Grand Canyon University Description Founded in 1949, Grand Canyon University is a private, four-year, for-profit Christian college located on 90 acres in Phoenix, Arizona. GCU offers a wide range of traditional campus-based courses, evening class, and online degree programs through its College of Education, College of Nursing, Ken Blanchard College of Business, College of Arts and Science, College of Fine Arts and Production, College of Doctoral Studies, and College of Christian Studies. Academics are supported by a 19  to 1 student / faculty ratio (although less than 10 percent of the faculty are full-time employees). Students stay active through 13 student clubs and organizations, as well as a host of intramural sports including Bowling, Broomball, and Ultimate Frisbee. As for intercollegiate athletics, the GCU ‘Lopes compete in the NCAA Division II Pacific West Conference (PacWest) with teams such as men’s and women’s golf, track and field, and swimming and diving. Enrollment (2017) Total Enrollment: 83,284  (49,556 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 29 percent male / 71 percent female32 percent full-time Costs (2017 - 18) Tuition and Fees: $17,050Books: $800 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,550Other Expenses: $5,700Total Cost: $32,100 Grand Canyon University Financial Aid (2016  - 17) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 99 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 98 percentLoans: 69 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $10,181Loans: $7,266 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Elementary Education, Nursing, Psychology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 66 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 35 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 41 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Baseball, Swimming and Diving, Tennis, Wrestling, Volleyball, Track and Field, Cross Country, Golf, SoccerWomens Sports:  Basketball, Tennis, Volleyball, Cross Country, Softball, Swimming and Diving, Track and Field, Beach Volleyball If You Like GCU, You May Also Like These Schools International Baptist College: Profile  Arizona Christian University: Profile  Prescott College: ProfileUniversity of Arizona: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorthern Arizona University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDine College: ProfileArizona State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical University Prescott: Profile   Grand Canyon University Mission Statement: mission statement from http://www.gcu.edu/About-Us/Mission-and-Vision.php Grand Canyon University prepares learners to become global citizens, critical thinkers, effective communicators, and responsible leaders by providing an academically challenging, values-based curriculum from the context of our Christian heritage. The curriculum at GCU is designed to prepare students with the skills and knowledge needed in the contemporary job market. Students are challenged to develop these tools and to push their intellectual limits in order to become successful in their careers. Data Source: National Center for Education Statistics

The Murder of King Duncan in Macbeth - 1082 Words

In the play Macbeth we can argue that there are three possible choices for who is most responsible for the murder of King Duncan. The first choice is the witches. In the whole of the play they seem to embody evil and make a morally corrupt atmosphere. In Elizabethan times they were regarded as evil so these prophecies would be thought to be evil. Macbeth first meets them after the battle against the Norway and they predict that he will be Thane of Cawdor and then King. At first he can not believe this but when he finds out he is Thane of Cawdor he and Banquo are surprised. Banquo says, Can the devil speak true? in surprise. This shows us they did not expect the witches to be telling the truth. After this Macbeth seems to be†¦show more content†¦It is the ambition in his mind that is crucial. He knows that Duncan is a good man and has never done any wrong to him. He owes him gratitude for the honours he has given him. He says that Duncan is, Here in double trust; first, as I am his kinsman and subject, strong both against deed; then, as his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself This stresses that he should not kill Duncan as he is relying upon Macbeth. Macbeth is his kinsman, one of the elite and one of his generals. He is his subject, and should not murder his ruler if he has done nothing wrong. He is also the host and should prevent someone murdering him and not do it himself. He also says He hath honour d me of late which is saying he has received the title of Thane of Cawdor. He says that he should enjoy all the praise he receives and not throw it away. All this shows us that Macbeth is simply too intelligent to be a puppet being used, he is aware of all the consequences and wants to be king. Also, he could have backed out at any point. There are many opportunities when he allows Lady Macbeth to push him around. When he first meets her he could have said to her that he was not prepared to take extreme measures or right until the end he could have backed out. So I think that Macbeth was the most responsible for the murder of King Duncan. He committed it and letShow MoreRelatedLady Macbeth as the Real Driving Force Behind the Murder of King Duncan988 Words   |  4 PagesLady Macbeth as the Real Driving Force Behind the Murder of King Duncan Even though Macbeth is actually the murderer of King Duncan, It appears that he commits this murder reluctantly and should not be blamed for the murder or bear the full responsibility of the murder. The three witches and Lady Macbeth actually played significant roles in cajoling Macbeth into committing the murder and could be argued that Lady Macbeth is the real drivingRead MoreMacbeth Text Response-This Deed, the Murder of King Duncan, Has Unanticipated Consequences for Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Discussed1263 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Text Response This deed, the murder of King Duncan, has unanticipated consequences for both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Discuss Macbeth, by William Shakespeare explores the theme of power, sleep and guilt. For Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to be able to be on the throne and fulfill the prophecy, they need to murder Kind Duncan. Unfortunately, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth didn’t think of the unanticipated consequences of committing the murder. The consequences that they are faced with include guiltinessRead MoreMacbeth by William Shakespeare: Murder in the Castle, an Inside Look at the Death of King Duncan I of Scotland536 Words   |  2 PagesMurder in the Castle, an Inside Look at the Death of King Duncan I of Scotland Last night, King Duncan I of Scotland was murdered in his chamber. The king was staying at the castle of his Thane, Lord Macbeth, on the night of his murder. King Duncan had been attending a party that Lord Macbeth had arranged for him and his sons. All of Scotland is in mourning for the murder of their beloved king, but everyone wants to know who committed this foul deed, and why did they do this to their king? In thisRead MoreIn Act 1 Scenes 5-7 of ‘Macbeth’, How Does Lady Macbeth Convince Her Husband to Murder King Duncan?889 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is a tragedy written by Shakespeare. at the start of the play Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship is strong and that they see each other as partners â€Å"of greatness†. Although most of the blame is put onto Lady Macbeth by the audience, Macbeth already had ambition and was already thinking of murdering King Duncan. But how exactly did Lady Macbeth convince her husband to murder King Duncan? Before Macbeth returns home from battle Lady Macbeth is already outlining Macbeth’s flaws and voicingRead MoreMacbeth Essay on Evil1092 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a real tragedy written by William Shakespeare for what’s presented is a morally significant struggle, one that attempts to engage our sympathies and understanding. In this dark and powerful tragedy, Macbeth is a part of several murders, including the murder of King Duncan of Scotland. Macbeth performs these murders after he encounters the weird sisters and hears the prophecy that he will one day become the King of Scotland. But although Macbeth was the one that was directly involved inRead MoreEssay about Driving Ambition in Shakespeares Macbeth1433 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth, driving ambition caused Macbeth and his wife to murder King Duncan because of their desire for power. In an attempt to retain his power Macbeth also murdered Banquo and Macduff’s family. Through bot h of these cruel actions, Macbeth and his wife displayed that they are not concerned about the cost of the deed, but only final result that is achieved. This not only results in their downfall, but also has many harmful consequences to other characters. In Macbeth, ShakespeareRead MoreAppearance Vs Reality : Macbeth, And Lady Macbeth1504 Words   |  7 PagesAppearance versus Reality in Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most mystifying plays and is a study of human nature. The theme of appearance versus reality is apparent in Macbeth. It’s filled with numerous, notable, and significant scenes, including when King Duncan visits the Macbeth’s home, Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking scene, and Macbeth’s dagger soliloquy. They provide raw, psychological insight into the character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, showcasing the differing characteristicsRead MoreAct 1 Scene 7 of William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay707 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Introduction ============ Act 1 scene 7 is very important in the whole of the play because the string of murders started here, and what Macbeth and Lady Macbeth wanted to do was accomplished. This was the scene in which Macbeth became King and the original King (King Duncan) was murdered. Before this scene what had happened was that King Duncan came to Macbeths castle and there was a great banquet. Lady Macbeth had played a part Read MoreCharacter Analysis Of Lady Macbeth935 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth, a play written by Shakespeare centers around the two leads, Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, who both have the capacity to exhibit evil throughout the play. Although Lady Macbeth is the one who convinces her husband to commit his first murder, she is not responsible for all the other murders Macbeth had committed throughout the play. Hence, it is Macbeth, who is more evil than his wife and not the other way around. Lady Macbeth possesses traits of a villain, but unlike her husband, sheRead MoreTask: - Explain What Act 1 Scene 7 Tells Us About the Character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. What Is Troubling Macbeth at the Beginning of the Scene and How Does Lady Macbeth Persuade Him to Go Through with the Murder of Duncan?1636 Words   |  7 PagesExplain what act 1 scene 7 tells us about the character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. What is troubling Macbeth at the beginning of the scene and how does Lady Macbeth persuade him to go through with the murder of Duncan? My aim in this essay is to explain what Act 1, scene 7 tells us about the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, and what troubles does Macbeth come across and how does Lady Macbeth persuade him to murder King Duncan. The purpose that Shakespeare wrote act 1, scene 7, is to

Green Marketing Examples Free Essays

GREEN MARKETING PRACTICES OF INDIAN FIRMS Introduction According to the American Marketing Association, green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other; an example of this will be the existence of varying social, environmental and retail definitions attached to this term. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Marketing Examples or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other similar terms used are Environmental Marketing and Ecological Marketing. Thus â€Å"Green Marketing† refers to holistic marketing concept wherein the production, marketing consumption an disposal of products and services happen in a manner that is less detrimental to the environment with growing awareness about the implications of global warming, non-biodegradable solid waste, harmful impact of pollutants etc. , both marketers and consumers are becoming increasingly sensitive to the need for switch in to green products and services. While the shift to â€Å"green† may appear to be expensive in the short term, it will definitely prove to be indispensable and advantageous, cost-wise too, in the long run. Why Green Marketing? It is really scary to read these pieces of information as reported in the Times recently: â€Å"Air pollution damage to people, crops and wildlife in he US totals tens of billions of dollars each year†. â€Å"More than 12 other studies in the US, Brazil Europe , Mexico , South Korea and Taiwan have established links between air pollutants and low birth weight premature birth still birth and infant death†. As resources are limited and human wants are unlimited, it is important for the marketers to utilize the resources efficiently without waste as well as to achieve the organization’s objective. So green marketing is inevitable. There is growing interest among the consumers all over the world regarding protection of environment. Worldwide evidence indicates people are concerned about the environment and are changing their behavior. As a result of this, green marketing has emerged which speaks for growing market for sustainable and socially responsible products and services. Thus the growing awareness among the consumers all over the world regarding protection of the environment in which they live, People do want to bequeath a clean earth to their offspring. Various studies by environmentalists indicate that people are concerned about the environment and are changing their behavior pattern so as to be less hostile towards it. Now we see that most of the consumers, both individual and industrial, are becoming more concerned about environment-friendly products. Most of them feel that environment-friendly products are safe to use. As a result, green marketing has emerged, which aims at marketing sustainable and socially-responsible products and services. Now is the era of recyclable, non-toxic and environment-friendly goods. This has become the new mantra for marketers to satisfy the needs of consumers and earn better profits. Green marketing is the process of developing products and services and promoting them to satisfy the customers who prefer products of good quality, performance and convenience at affordable cost, which at the same time do not have a detrimental impact on the environment. It includes a broad range of activities like product modification, changing the production process, modified advertising, change in packaging, etc. , aimed at reducing the detrimental impact of products and their consumption and disposal on the environment. Companies all over the world are striving to reduce the impact of products and services on the climate and other environmental parameters. Marketers are taking the cue and are going green. Green marketing was given prominence in the late 1980s and 1990s after the proceedings of the first workshop on Ecological marketing held in Austin, Texas (US), in 1975. Several books on green marketing began to be published thereafter. According to the Joel makeover (a writer, speaker and strategist on clean technology and green marketing), green marketing faces a lot of challenges because of lack of standards and public consensus to what constitutes â€Å"Green†. The green marketing has evolved over a period of time. According to Peattie (2001), the evolution of green marketing has three phases. First phase was termed as â€Å"Ecological† green marketing, and during this period all marketing activities were concerned to help environment problems and provide remedies for environmental problems. Second phase was â€Å"Environmental† green marketing and the focus shifted on clean technology that involved designing of innovative new products, which take care of pollution and waste issues. Third phase was â€Å"Sustainable† green marketing. It came into prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000. Green marketing is a vital constituent of the holistic marketing concept. It is particularly applicable to businesses that are directly dependent on the physical environment; for example, industries like fishing, processed foods, tourism and adventure sports. Changes in the physical environment may pose a threat to such industries. Many global players in diverse businesses are now successfully implementing green marketing practices. MARKETING MIX OF GREEN MARKETING When companies come up with new innovations like eco friendly products, they can access new markets, enhance their market shares, and increase profits. Just as we have 4Ps product prices, place and promotion in marketing, we have 4ps in green marketing too, but they are a bit different. They are buttressed by three additional Ps, namely people, planet and profits. A. PRODUCT: The products have to be developed depending on the needs of the customers who prefer environment friendly products. Products can be made from recycled materials or from used goods. Efficient products not only save water, energy and money, but also reduce harmful effects on the environment. Green chemistry forms the growing focus of product development. The marketer’s role in product management includes providing product designers with market-driven trends and customer requests for green product attributes such as energy saving, organic, green chemicals, local sourcing, etc. For example, Nike is the first among the shoe companies to market itself as green. It is marketing its Air Jordan shoes as environment-friendly, as it has significantly reduced the usage of harmful glue adhesives. It has designed this variety of shoes to emphasize that it has reduced wastage and used environment-friendly materials. B. PRICE Green pricing takes into consideration the people, planet and profi t in a way that takes care of the health of employees and communities and ensures efficient productivity. Value can be added to it by changing its appearance, functionality and through customization, etc. Wal Mart unveiled its first recyclable cloth shopping bag. IKEA started charging consumers when they opted for plastic bags and encouraged people to shop using its â€Å"Big Blue Bag†. C. PLACE Green place is about managing logistics to cut down on transportation emissions, thereby in effect aiming at reducing the carbon footprint. For example, instead of marketing an imported mango juice in India it can be licensed for local production. This avoids shipping of the product from far away, thus reducing shipping cost and more importantly, the consequent carbon emission by the ships and other modes of transport. D. PROMOTION Green promotion involves configuring the tools of promotion, such as advertising, marketing materials, signage, white papers, web sites, videos and presentations by keeping people, planet and profits in mind. British petroleum (BP) displays gas station which its sunflower motif and boasts of putting money into solar power. Indian Tobacco Company has introduced environmental-friendly papers and boards, which are free of elemental chlorine. Toyota is trying to push gas/electric hybrid technology into much of its product line. It is also making the single largest RD investment in the every-elusive hydrogen car and promoting itself as the first eco-friendly car company. International business machines Corporation (IBM) has revealed a portfolio of green retail store technologies and services to help retailers improve energy efficiency in their IT operations. The center piece of this portfolio is the IBM SurePOS 700, a point-of-sale system that, according to IBM, reduces power consumption by 36% or more. We even see the names of retail outlets like â€Å"Reliance Fresh†, Fresh@Namdhari Fresh and Desi, which while selling fresh vegetables and fruits, transmit an innate communication of green marketing. Green marketer can attract customers on the basis of performance, money savings, health and convenience, or just plain environmental friendliness, so as to target a wide range of green consumers. Consumer awareness can be created by spreading the message among consumers about the benefits of environmental-friendly products. Positing of profiles related to green marketing on social networks creates awareness within and across online peer groups. Marketing can also directly target the consumers through advertisements for product such as energy saving compact fluorescent lamps, the battery –powered Reva car, etc. WHY IS GREEN MARKETING CHOSEN BY MOST MARKETERS? Most of the companies are venturing into green marketing because of the following reasons: a. Opportunity In India, around 25% of the consumers prefer environmental-friendly products, and around 28% may be considered healthy conscious. There fore, green marketers have diverse and fairly sizeable segments to cater to. The Surf Excel detergent which saves water (advertised with the message—†do bucket paani roz bachana†) and the energy-saving LG consumers durables are examples of green marketing. We also have green buildings which are efficient in their use of energy, water and construction materials, and which reduce the impact on human health and the environment through better design, construction, operation, maintenance and waste disposal. In India, the green building movement, spearheaded by the Confederation of Indian industry (CII) – Godrej Green business Center, has gained tremendous impetus over the last few years. From 20,000 sq ft in 2003, India’s green building footprint is now over 25 million sq ft. b. Social Resoponsibility Many companies have started realizing that they must behave in an environment-friendly fashion. They believe both in achieving environmental objectives as well as profit related objectives. The HSBC became the world’s first bank to go carbon-neutral last year. Other examples include Coca-Cola, which has invested in various recycling activities. Walt Disney World in Florida, US, has an extensive waste management program and infrastructure in place. c. Governmental Pressure Various regulations rare framed by the government to protect consumers and the society at large. The Indian government too has developed a framework of legislations to reduce the production of harmful goods and by products. These reduce the industry’s production and consumers’ consumption of harmful goods, including those detrimental to the environment; for example, the ban f plastic bags in Mumbai, prohibition of smoking in public areas, etc. d. Competitive Pressure Many companies take up green marketing to maintain their competitive edge. The green marketing initiatives by niche companies such as Body Shop and Green Black have prompted many mainline competitors to follow suit. e. Cost Reduction Reduction of harmful waste may lead to substantial cost savin gs. Sometimes, many firms develop symbiotic relationship whereby the waste generated by one company is used by another as a cost-effective raw material. For example, the fly ash generated by thermal power plants, which would otherwise contributed to a gigantic quantum of solid waste, is used to manufacture fly ash bricks for construction purposes. BENEFITS OF GREEN MARKETING Today’s consumers are becoming more and more conscious about the environment and are also becoming socially responsible. Therefore, more companies are responsible to consumers’ aspirations for environmentally less damaging or neutral products. Many companies want to have an early-mover advantage as they have to eventually move towards becoming green. Some of the advantages of green marketing are, * It ensures sustained long-term growth along with profitability. * It saves money in the long run, thought initially the cost is more. * It helps companies market their products and services keeping the environment aspects in mind. It helps in accessing the new markets and enjoying competitive advantage. * Most of the employees also feel proud and responsible to be working for an environmentally responsible company. PROBLEMS OF GREEN MARKETING Many organizations want to turn green, as an increasing number of consumers’ ant to associate themselves with environmental-friendly products. Alongside, one also witnesses confusion among the consumers regarding the products. In particular, one often finds distrust regarding the credibility of green products. Therefore, to ensure consumer confidence, marketers of green products need to be much more transparent, and refrain from breaching any law or standards relating to products or business practices. PATHS TO GREENNESS Green marketing involves focusing on promoting the consumption of green products. Therefore, it becomes the responsibility of the companies to adopt creativity and insight, and be committed to the development of environment-friendly products. This will help the society in the long run. Companies which embark on green marketing should adopt thefollowing principles in their path towards â€Å"greenness. † * Adopt new technology/process or modify existing technology/process so as to reduce environmental impact. Establish a management and control system that will lead to the adherence of stringent environmental safety norms. * Using more environment-friendly raw materials at the production stage itself. * Explore possibilities of recycling of the used products so that it can be used to offer similar or other benefits with less wastage. Marketing Strategies The marketing strategies for green marketing include: – * Marketing Audit (including internal and external situation an alysis) * Develop a marketing plan outlining strategies with regard to 4 P’s *Implement marketing strategies Plan results evaluation CONCLUSION A clever marketer is one who not only convinces the consumer, but also involves the consumer in marketing his product. Green marketing should not be considered as just one more approach to marketing, but has to be pursued with much greater vigor, as it has an environmental and social dimension to it. With the threat of global warming looming large, it is extremely important that green marketing becomes the norm rather than an exception or just a fad. Recycling of paper, metals, plastics, etc. in a safe and environmentally harmless manner should become much more systematized and universal. It has to become the general norm to use energy-efficient lamps and other electrical goods. Marketers also have the responsibility to make the consumers understand the need for and benefits of green products as compared to non-green ones. In green ma rketing, consumers are willing to pay more to maintain a cleaner and greener environment. Finally, consumers, industrial buyers and suppliers need to pressurize effects on minimize the negative effects on the environment-friendly. Green marketing assumes even more importance and relevance in developing countries like India. References Chopra, S. Lakshmi (2007), â€Å"Turning Over a New Leaf†, Indian Management, Vol-64, April-2007 Ottman, J. A. et al, â€Å"Avoiding Green Marketing Myopia†, Environment, Vol-48, June-2006 www. greenmarketing. net/stratergic. html www. epa. qld. gov. au/sustainable_ industries www. wmin. ac. uk/marketing research/marketing/greenmix. html http://www. coolavenues. com http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_marketing Presented by MD. Mudhassir P. Swapna How to cite Green Marketing Examples, Essays

Chandler Model of Integrated Managerial Enterprise

Question: Discuss about the Chandler Model of Integrated Managerial Enterprise. Answer: Introduction Chandler demonstrates using his model, the role of modern corporations in economic growth. He uses examples from corporations in three of the worlds most industrialized nations to prove they are the fundamental forces behind capitalist economies. The basic argument in the model is not new; it has been Chandlers stand for more than three decades. However, there are two distinct aspects in the model that are new. First, the stand is developed by considering corporation in the United States, Germany, and Great Britain (Tann Sutcliffe 1982). Secondly, the assertion in the book is clearer than in previous literature from Chandler. In his model, Chandler presents a thesis to that developed by Adam Smith in his take on the issue of division of labour. According to Smith, labour specialization is dependent on the size of a market. For example, a technological developed such as the use of railroad lows the cost of communication. This results in high production because of economies of scale. According to Chandlers model, large corporations came to be because of the emerging possibilities brought about by technological changes in the 19th century. Successful firms are those that make a contribution to economic development and utilize economies of scale to develop the necessary capacity to invest in technologies essential to high-volume production. This translates to investing in an organised network of distribution and marketing. It also means leaving the task of managing the business to salaried professionals with the necessary know-how to steer the enterprise. Therefore, in summary, Chandlers model refers to the continuous investment in management, distribution, and marketing as the driving force behind the growth and success of modern corporations. Discussion According to Chandlers model, the first enterprises to appreciate the importance of management, distribution, and marketing acquired a competitive advantage. These companies became oligopolistic within their respect markets. Such companies competed with other that appreciated the importance of the same not on price, but on the ability to function effectively, acquire market shares, and profits. The companies achieve this through two distinct processes. First, they achieved this functionally by bettering their production process, their products, labour relations, and marketing. Secondly, they achieved this strategically by shifting their focus into developing markets and away from declining markets faster than their rivals (Du Boff Herman 1980). Although it may seems as though economic preconditions somehow led to the development of corporations, chandlers model is not deterministic. A close examination of the history about the growth and development of corporations rival that there are certain human mistakes and decisions that play a significant role in creating the right condition for the development of corporation and the current capitalist economic model (Supple, Mathias Postan 1979). Comparison of the three nations the model takes into account makes the assertion more evident. For example, the United States is a relatively big country in comparison to Germany and Great Britain (Chandler, Amatori Hikino 1997). The developed of technologies, such as the railroad and telegraph played a more important role in the development of corporations in the country because of the relatively high percent of the population in rural areas. Entrepreneurs of US companies, such as Henry Ford of Ford automobiles appreciated the importance of management, marketing, and distribution to the effect that some of his employees were above him in companys management. The story of Great Britain is fairly different from that of the US. Unlike the US, Britain is a fairly small country where a majority of the population lives in urban centers. The impact of new technologies, such as railroad and telegraph developed in the 19th century was relatively low. Although Britain was ahead of the US because of the pioneer of the first industrial revolution, it fell behind during the second industrial revolution because of a number of factors. First, the country had invested heavily to infrastructure developed during the first industrial revolution such as canal (Franken 2015). Secondly, the countrys business and political leaders made a number of critical mistakes that ensured the country would fall behind the US in the second industrial revolution. For example, unlike in the US, Britain has a certain attachment to a model of business operation referred to as the family firm. This is a type of organization where the owner and his or her family are at the helm of the business regardless of their knowledge about the business operations or market (Economic History of Transport in Britain 2005). When compared to the US and Britain, Germany is somewhere between the two. Germany was bigger, more rural, and newer to industrialization than Britain. However, it is smaller, less rural, and older to industrialization than the US. The main aspect that differentiates Germany from the other two countries is the nature of interaction between businesses. In the three countries cartel agreements were welcomed and the norm; however, in Germany, the agreements were enforceable under the common law, which was not the case in the US and Britain. While cartels were forbidden in the US common law, the Sherman Act allowed mergers; therefore, American companies were more inclined to merger and cooperate within the framework of the law. Britain did not have a similar law; therefore, companies were more inclined to compete with each other because the formation of cartel was illegal and cartel agreements could not be enforced within the law (Chandler Hikino 1994). Although firms in the three count ries operated in three different environments where they could cooperate to varying degrees, many firms soon recognised that superior capability in terms of management, marketing, and distribution was a better approach than limiting competition. According to Chandlers model, successful companies are those that seek to improve efficiency rather than achieve monopoly. For example, if one company was to achieve monopoly in a certain sector of the economy, then it would control production and pricing but would have limited capacity with respect to demand. Therefore, whenever there is a decrease in demand, the company would have to cut production to prevent losses (Gudria 2014). Another company in another industry that does not seek to control the entire sector but only to improve efficiency stands a better chance of weathering low demand and growing its bottom-line. If the company only controls 60% of the market share, in times of low demand, the company can leverage its efficiency to take what it needs from the other 40% and maintain its full capacity (Smith 2007). In order to understand how enterprises respond to economic change in a given environment, it is important to consider how an enterprises administrative hierarchy responds to innovation and economic changes. Markets are generators of economic information; however, they economize in the transmission of information. Market information is not limited to price. According to Chandlers model, both markets and firms are structured in ways that promote communication and growth of knowledge (Lazonick 2013). The two also require organization. The main challenge is how both the market and firm respond to changes. The answer is dependent on the structure of the change. For example, when a systemic change occurs, it is difficult for a decentralized system to adjust and make generate appropriate responses to the change (Lazonick 2012). This may be a result of vested varying interests or the high cost associated with persuading different players. The cost may be especially high when the systemic cha nge is large scale. It may also be difficult for an individual player to implement the changes because the changes may be entirely new and not available in the market. For example, the development of a moving chain assembly line in the automobile industry meant that of Ford suppliers had to go out of business because it was easier for the company to produce the parts than to teach its suppliers how to implement the changes. According to Chandlers model, corporations maintain the capacity to make large scale rearrangements in response to market and innovation changes that led to the right investment necessary for mass distribution and production. The role of corporate management in the process is a centrifugal one (Lipartito Sicilia 2004). It is not the responsibility of the management to centralize operation. Ones the necessary changes have been forcibly made in response to changes in the market and innovation a decentralized system is one again restored. Chandler notes that successful firms are those that adopt new capabilities and a multidivisional structure (Gudria 2014). Under the multidivisional structure, the day-to-day decisions of the organizations are made by divisional managers. Each division could theoretically operate as an independent business. This approach is what the British firms failed to implement. By operating as family firms the companies encountered the problem of centralized plan ning. The multidivisional structure also referred to as the M-form structure differs from a market satisfied by fully independent firms the top management retain the power to determine the strategic direction of the firm (Fremdling 1991). In modern corporations, the role of top managers is to reshape the companys capabilities whenever necessary. The role includes among other things to abandon declining markets and to seek new markets. The non-decentralized British top management could not find the time or develop the long term perspective of their counterparts in US and Germany who had delegated the day-to-day decisions to divisional managers (Capshaw 2012). As Frank Knight recons, delegation of decisions to concerned divisions is inevitable if the organization is to survive in the long-run. He alludes to the evolution of organic life and how complex organisms have developed different organs to perform specialized functions (Nelles Chandler, 1991). According to Chandlers model, the fundamental source of competitive capability in firms is changing over time. For example, prior to World War 2, the source of competitive capability of companies was the ability to produce in large scale and take advantage of the economies of scale (Knecht 2014). In a post World War 2 economy the focus has shifted from taking advantage of the economies of scale to vertical integration. Vertical integration refers to the extension of the business from its initial focus to secondary domains that are important in the production and distribution of its products (Lazonick 2012). For example, a fashion house may seek to purchase or own a textile or dye manufacturing subsidiary. Another approach includes taking advantage of by products to produce more products. For example, meat packing companies took advantage of their raw material to move into leather and fertilizer making (Harrigan Harrigan 2003). The growth of Multinational Corporations is not without its challenges. For example, being the second half the 20th century, corporation began diversifying in sectors of the economy that are completely unrelated to their co-competence. The growth of corporation could also spell problems for innovation, especially in sectors of the economy where one company enjoys monopoly (Targowski n.d.). Huge corporations also have considerable bargaining power, which means they can easily exploit employees, especially in developing nations in an effort to maximize profits. The large scale of corporation and their ability to control supply of essential products such as petroleum also means the ability of governments and political leaders to bargain with them is limited (ABE 2009). This had led to social irresponsible organizations that in many instances disregard the environment and threat the very system that sustains life on this planet. Conclusion Chandlers model makes a compelling case about the importance of corporation in the development of modern economies and the sustained competitiveness of different nations. For the examples given by Chandler, it is clear that the structure adopted by corporations in the three countries used in the example played an important role in determining how fast each industrialized relative to the other during the second industrial revolution. Although corporation can spur economic growth and streamline production, if left unchecked, they pose a danger to the society. References ABE, E 2009, 'Alfred Chandler's Model of Business Enterprise Structure and the Japanese-Style Enterprise System: Are They Compatible?',Japanese Research in Business History, vol. 26, pp. 59-74. 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